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Chapter 20 - The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels And Circulation - Anatomy & Physiology Oer - Libguides At Georgia Highlands College

The two cusps of the mitral valve are attached by chordae tendineae to two papillary muscles that project from the wall of the ventricle. Important risk factors for MI include cardiovascular disease, age, smoking, high blood levels of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL, often referred to as "bad" cholesterol), low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL, or "good" cholesterol), hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, lack of physical exercise, chronic kidney disease, excessive alcohol consumption, and use of illegal drugs. How can kidney disease be caused by problems in the cardiovascular system? Common blood tests indicating an MI include elevated levels of creatine kinase MB (an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of creatine to phosphocreatine, consuming ATP) and cardiac troponin (the regulatory protein for muscle contraction), both of which are released by damaged cardiac muscle cells. What are the similarities between angina and ischemic stroke? Compare the coronary arteries, pulmonary arteries, and arteries elsewhere in the body in terms of their target tissues (i. Chapter 11 the cardiovascular system workbook answers book. e. where they bring blood to) and whether they are carrying oxygenated or deoxygenated blood.

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The opening between the left atrium and ventricle is guarded by the mitral valve. Cardiomyocytes and pacemaker cells. The aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves lack the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles associated with the atrioventricular valves. Chapter 11 the cardiovascular system workbook answers 2020. When the ventricles begin to contract, pressure within the ventricles rises and blood flows toward the area of lowest pressure, which is initially in the atria. Chapter 19 - The Cardiovascular System: The Heart.

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Visit this site for audio examples of heart sounds. While most ventricular filling occurs while the atria are relaxed, they do demonstrate a contractile phase and actively pump blood into the ventricles just prior to ventricular contraction. Sample answer: Kidney disease can be caused by problems in the cardiovascular system such as atherosclerosis, because it can result in reduced blood flow to the kidneys. The coronary circulation carries blood to and from the muscle cells of the heart so that these cells can receive necessary substances and have their wastes removed. Within seconds after birth, a flap of tissue known as the septum primum that previously acted as a valve closes the foramen ovale and establishes the typical cardiac circulation pattern. While the bulk of the internal surface of the right atrium is smooth, the depression of the fossa ovalis is medial, and the anterior surface demonstrates prominent ridges of muscle called the pectinate muscles. The wall of the heart is composed of three layers of unequal thickness. An MI often occurs when a coronary artery is blocked by the buildup of atherosclerotic plaque consisting of lipids, cholesterol and fatty acids, and white blood cells, primarily macrophages. When the ventricle relaxes, the pressure differential causes blood to flow back into the ventricle from the pulmonary trunk. The valves between the atria and ventricles are known generically as atrioventricular valves. Check Financial Status. Chapter 20 - The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation - Anatomy & Physiology OER - LibGuides at Georgia Highlands College. Sample answer: Oxygen, nutrients, and wastes.

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More superficial layers of ventricular muscle wrap around both ventricles. The septum between the atria and ventricles is known as the atrioventricular septum. Located in each of these openings between the atria and ventricles is a valve, a specialized structure that ensures one-way flow of blood. 16 shows the blockage of coronary arteries highlighted by the injection of dye. Some malfunctions are treated with medications, others require surgery, and still others may be mild enough that the condition is merely monitored since treatment might trigger more serious consequences. The dorsal surface of the heart lies near the bodies of the vertebrae, and its anterior surface sits deep to the sternum and costal cartilages. Chapter 11 the cardiovascular system workbook answers sheet. It is also possible, if the hands are placed too low on the sternum, to manually drive the xiphoid process into the liver, a consequence that may prove fatal for the patient. Treatments include surgical closure (ligation), manual closure using platinum coils or specialized mesh inserted via the femoral artery or vein, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to block the synthesis of prostaglandin E2, which maintains the vessel in an open position. The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve. Instead, they consist of pocket-like folds of endocardium reinforced with additional connective tissue. Blood moves through arteries due to pressure from the beating of the heart. The heart of a well-trained athlete, especially one specializing in aerobic sports, can be considerably larger than this.

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Emerging from the right ventricle at the base of the pulmonary trunk is the pulmonary semilunar valve, or the pulmonary valve; it is also known as the pulmonic valve or the right semilunar valve. Chapter 20 - OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology 2e. Other common causes include myocardial rupture, pericarditis, cancer, or even cardiac surgery. Alex goes to the doctor and learns that his blood pressure is 135/90 mm Hg. The flaps are connected by chordae tendineae to the papillary muscles, which control the opening and closing of the valves. What are the two conditions that are precursors to virtually all cases of cardiovascular disease?

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Describe the heart and how it functions. However, coronary circulation is not continuous; rather, it cycles, reaching a peak when the heart muscle is relaxed and nearly ceasing while it is contracting. Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close results in blood flowing from the higher pressure aorta into the lower pressure pulmonary trunk. Oxygen binds to the protein hemoglobin, which is in red blood cells. The endothelium may also regulate the growth patterns of the cardiac muscle cells throughout life, and the endothelins it secretes create an environment in the surrounding tissue fluids that regulates ionic concentrations and states of contractility. The normal, rhythmic beating of the heart (sinus rhythm) is controlled by the heart's pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node.

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The posterior cardiac vein parallels and drains the areas supplied by the marginal artery branch of the circumflex artery. Longer-term treatments include injections of thrombolytic agents such as streptokinase that dissolve the clot, the anticoagulant heparin, balloon angioplasty and stents to open blocked vessels, and bypass surgery to allow blood to pass around the site of blockage. 6 million gallons of blood sent through roughly 60, 000 miles of vessels. The blood in the superior and inferior venae cavae flows into the right atrium, which pumps blood into the right ventricle. Two of these, the left posterior aortic sinus and anterior aortic sinus, give rise to the left and right coronary arteries, respectively. At this point, the balloon is inflated to compress the plaque material and to open the vessel to increase blood flow. It is substantially thicker than the interatrial septum, since the ventricles generate far greater pressure when they contract. Peripheral artery disease occurs when atherosclerosis narrows peripheral arteries, usually in the legs, often causing pain when walking. Link to a video about capillaries and how they function in the body. This mesothelium secretes the lubricating serous fluid that fills the pericardial cavity and reduces friction as the heart contracts. Myocardial infarction (MI) is the formal term for what is commonly referred to as a heart attack. However, the excess fluid in the pericardial cavity puts pressure on the heart and prevents full relaxation, so the chambers within the heart contain slightly less blood as they begin each heart cycle. Explain your answer.

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This occurs when the ventricles contract to eject blood into the pulmonary trunk and aorta. It is estimated that between 22 and 64 percent of MIs present without any symptoms. Explain how oxygen is transported to the cells of the body, and which blood cells are affected in anemia. Electrical signals from pacemaker cells travel to the atria and cause them to contract.

Arteries elsewhere in the body carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to tissues throughout the body. As much as 20–25 percent of the general population may have a patent foramen ovale, but fortunately, most have the benign, asymptomatic version. It empties into the right atrium so that it can then travel to the right ventricle and out to the lungs, where it can become oxygenated again. Link to a webpage on the CDC website where you can find a podcast about hypertension, often described as a "silent killer. Contractions of the heart are controlled by specialized cardiac muscle cells that send out electrical impulses. It, too, empties into the posterior portion of the atria, but inferior to the opening of the superior vena cava. The anterior interventricular sulcus is visible on the anterior surface of the heart, whereas the posterior interventricular sulcus is visible on the posterior surface of the heart. Each flap of the valve is attached to strong strands of connective tissue, the chordae tendineae, literally "tendinous cords, " or sometimes more poetically referred to as "heart strings. " Once regarded as a simple lining layer, recent evidence indicates that the endothelium of the endocardium and the coronary capillaries may play active roles in regulating the contraction of the muscle within the myocardium.

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