Chapter 9 Student Edition Full | Pdf | Cellular Respiration | Glycolysis: Injury Claims For Minors Against A School In California

In each transfer of an electron through the ETS, the electron loses energy, but with some transfers, the energy is stored as potential energy by using it to pump hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane. 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key pogil. There are many circumstances under which aerobic respiration is not possible, including any one or more of the following: - The cell lacks genes encoding an appropriate cytochrome oxidase for transferring electrons to oxygen at the end of the electron transport system. There is an uneven distribution of H+ across the membrane that establishes an electrochemical gradient because H+ ions are positively charged (electrical) and there is a higher concentration (chemical) on one side of the membrane. Therefore, electrons move from electron carriers with more negative redox potential to those with more positive redox potential. Energy Extraction Citric acid is broken down into a 5-carbon compound and then a 4-carbon compound.

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9.2 The Process Of Cellular Respiration Answer Key Pogil

The NADH carries high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain, where they are used to produce ATP. By the end of this section, you will be able to: - Compare and contrast the electron transport system location and function in a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell. In reality, the total ATP yield is usually less, ranging from one to 34 ATP molecules, depending on whether the cell is using aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration; in eukaryotic cells, some energy is expended to transport intermediates from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria, affecting ATP yield. In aerobic respiration in mitochondria, the passage of electrons from one molecule of NADH generates enough proton motive force to make three ATP molecules by oxidative phosphorylation, whereas the passage of electrons from one molecule of FADH2 generates enough proton motive force to make only two ATP molecules. This flow of hydrogen ions across the membrane, called chemiosmosis, must occur through a channel in the membrane via a membrane-bound enzyme complex called ATP synthase (Figure 8. 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key answers. Cellular Respiration: The Citric Acid Cycle (or Krebs Cycle).

The electron transport chain (ETC) is the final stage of cellular respiration. Citric Acid Production Once pyruvic acid is in the mitochondrial matrix, NAD+ accepts 2 high-energy electrons to form NADH. Equation for Cellular Respiration. Great for middle school or introductory high school courses. But how does the food you eat get converted into a usable form of energy for your cells? The energy of the electrons is harvested to generate an electrochemical gradient across the membrane, which is used to make ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. Cellular Respiration Overview. With each rotation, the ATP synthase attaches a phosphate to ADP to produce ATP. 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key download. Glycolysis is the first set of reactions that occur during cellular respiration. Do both aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration use an electron transport chain? Electron Transport Energy generated by the electron transport chain is used to move H+ ions against a concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the intermembrane space. If you like this these notes, you can follow these lin. Main points include: respiraton, what happens during respiration, mitochondria, the two stages of respiration, the respiration equation, comparing photosynthesis with respiration, fermentation, and the two types of fermentation. Weakness is your body's way of telling you that your energy supplies are low.

Carbons are broken down and released as carbon dioxide while ATP is made and electrons are passed to electron carriers, NADH and FADH2. Explain the relationship between chemiosmosis and proton motive force. Glycolysis Glycolysis - first stage of cellular respiration. However, it usually results in the production of 36 ATP molecules. I made these as a resource for my students to use while studying and do not use them as guided notes during my instruction, however, I did include a fill-in-the-blanks version for any teacher who'd prefer that style. Along the way, ATP (energy for cells) is produced. Simple and easy to use. Chapter 9 Student Edition Full | PDF | Cellular Respiration | Glycolysis. The remaining 64 percent is released as heat. Electron Transport System. Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration. The cell lacks genes encoding enzymes to minimize the severely damaging effects of dangerous oxygen radicals produced during aerobic respiration, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or superoxide. Denitrifiers are important soil bacteria that use nitrate and nitrite as final electron acceptors, producing nitrogen gas (N2).

9.2 The Process Of Cellular Respiration Answer Key Download

Citric Acid Production Pyruvic acid from glycolysis enters the matrix, the innermost compartment of the mitochondrion. Smaller electrochemical gradients are generated from these electron transfer systems, so less ATP is formed through anaerobic respiration. The remaining 2 carbon atoms react to form acetyl-CoA. Microbes using anaerobic respiration commonly have an intact Krebs cycle, so these organisms can access the energy of the NADH and FADH2 molecules formed. Glycolysis does not require oxygen, so it can quickly supply energy to cells when oxygen is unavailable. Complex carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars like glucose. Thus, the 10 NADH molecules made per glucose during glycolysis, the transition reaction, and the Krebs cycle carry enough energy to make 30 ATP molecules, whereas the two FADH2 molecules made per glucose during these processes provide enough energy to make four ATP molecules. Energy Totals In the presence of oxygen, the complete breakdown of glucose through cellular respiration could produce 38 ATP molecules. Cellular respiration is often expressed as a chemical equation: This equation shows that during cellular respiration, one glucose molecule is gradually broken down into carbon dioxide and water. These ATP molecules come from glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.

Food serves as your source of energy. The electron transport system (ETS) is the last component involved in the process of cellular respiration; it comprises a series of membrane-associated protein complexes and associated mobile accessory electron carriers (Figure 8. This electron carrier, cytochrome oxidase, differs between bacterial types and can be used to differentiate closely related bacteria for diagnoses. Everything you want to read. All in all, the breakdown of a single molecule of glucose yields 36 molecules of ATP. Energy Extraction Energy released by the breaking and rearranging of carbon bonds is captured in the forms of ATP, NADH, and FADH2. Beyond the use of the PMF to make ATP, as discussed in this chapter, the PMF can also be used to drive other energetically unfavorable processes, including nutrient transport and flagella rotation for motility. Compare and contrast the differences between substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation. In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor (i. e., the one having the most positive redox potential) at the end of the ETS is an oxygen molecule (O2) that becomes reduced to water (H2O) by the final ETS carrier. You're Reading a Free Preview.

This represents about 36 percent of the total energy of glucose. Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis. Under aerobic conditions (i. e., oxygen is present), the pyruvate and NADH molecules made during glycolysis move from the cytoplasm into the matrix of the mitochondria. When you are hungry, how do you feel? Energy Totals The cell can generate ATP from just about any source, even though we've modeled it using only glucose. One molecule of CO2 is also produced. There pyruvate feeds into the next stage of respiration, which is called the citric acid cycle (or Krebs cycle).

9.2 The Process Of Cellular Respiration Answer Key Answers

Directions: Watch the video Energy Consumption: An Overview for a look at the different cellular processes responsible for generating and consuming energy. Reward Your Curiosity. Glycolysis is an anaerobic process, meaning it occurs without oxygen. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. The Advantages of Glycolysis Glycolysis produces ATP very fast, which is an advantage when the energy demands of the cell suddenly increase. Watch for a general overview. Cellular respiration begins when electrons are transferred from NADH and FADH2—made in glycolysis, the transition reaction, and the Krebs cycle—through a series of chemical reactions to a final inorganic electron acceptor (either oxygen in aerobic respiration or non-oxygen inorganic molecules in anaerobic respiration). Many aerobically respiring bacteria, including E. coli, switch to using nitrate as a final electron acceptor and producing nitrite when oxygen levels have been depleted. Cellular Respiration Summary. These carriers can pass electrons along in the ETS because of their redox potential. Lipids and proteins can be broken down into molecules that enter the Krebs cycle or glycolysis at one of several places. The turning of the parts of this molecular machine regenerates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) by oxidative phosphorylation, a second mechanism for making ATP that harvests the potential energy stored within an electrochemical gradient. Chemiosmosis, Proton Motive Force, and Oxidative Phosphorylation. These electron transfers take place on the inner part of the cell membrane of prokaryotic cells or in specialized protein complexes in the inner membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.

ATP Production H+ ions pass back across the mitochondrial membrane through the ATP synthase, causing the ATP synthase molecule to spin. This 22 slide PowerPoint presentation covers 8 questions on the topic of cellular respiration. Overall, 2 molecules of ATP are produced. Also, 2 molecules of NADH are made. Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, which becomes a reactant in the Krebs cycle. We have just discussed two pathways in glucose catabolism—glycolysis and the Krebs cycle—that generate ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. Citric Acid Production Acetyl-CoA combines with a 4-carbon molecule to produce citric acid.

In prokaryotic cells, H+ is pumped to the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane (called the periplasmic space in gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria), and in eukaryotic cells, they are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space. One possible alternative to aerobic respiration is anaerobic respiration, using an inorganic molecule other than oxygen as a final electron acceptor. Two molecules of CO2 are released. The four major classes of electron carriers involved in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic electron transport systems are the cytochromes, flavoproteins, iron-sulfur proteins, and the quinones. The tendency for movement in this way is much like water accumulated on one side of a dam, moving through the dam when opened. It's actually quite amazing. The potential energy of this electrochemical gradient generated by the ETS causes the H+ to diffuse across a membrane (the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells and the inner membrane in mitochondria in eukaryotic cells). Learning Objectives. This electrochemical gradient formed by the accumulation of H+ (also known as a proton) on one side of the membrane compared with the other is referred to as the proton motive force (PMF). ATP is a source of usable energy for cells and is the key energy molecule for all biological organisms. 2 ATP are usually required to bring the pyruvic acid into the matrix.

That is best accomplished through careful communication, client education, avoiding common conflicts or the appearance of conflict, hiring appropriate outside professionals, and good record keeping. There are two main California statutes that pertain to a parent or legal guardian's potential liability for damages caused by a minor's driving. Start today and find an experienced family law attorney near you. In the meantime, continue reading to learn about the liability connected to negligent supervision of minor children claims. They will sit at the table, anxious to make decisions, feeling certain that they know what is best for the child. Property owners are not automatically liable for injuries that happen on their premises. Destruction of property that is motivated by a hate crime, such as defacing a church, synagogue, or temple. Some of the most common examples would be when the adult knowingly permits the minor to vandalize property, or allows them to drive a car without a license. Let's say the caregiver's wrongful action was obvious (on a field trip, a teacher doesn't ensure that your child gets back on the bus, leaving them alone for hours). Negligent Caregivers and Harm to Children.

Negligent Supervision Of A Minor Child Abuse

The other category of cases involving negligent supervision of children occurs when a child causes an injury to someone else. Reasonable Expectations. The specific act and the age of the child will be considered before a verdict is rendered, but children who are 10 years or older are generally considered old enough to consider the consequences of their own actions. Many parents are shocked when their child's actions lead to liability and damages. As he was driving through the cemetery he crashed into a tree.

Negligent Supervision Of Employees

The parent-child relationship did not automatically render parents liable for the torts of their minor children. An experienced personal injury attorney could investigate the accident, collect evidence, and calculate your child's damages. The court reiterated the reasoning that when the risk of harm is presented by alcoholic beverages that are made available to minors is reasonably foreseeable, those responsible have a legal duty to take reasonable precautions. In the case of an out-of-state field trip, adults and guardians must also sign a liability waiver. Therefore, if the school failed to provide supervision and a child suffers an injury, and the injury could have been avoided had the school exercised proper supervision, there may be a liability claim. Jennifer would then be liable for ALL the damages caused by the gun injury due to her negligence (for example, the $75, 000 in medical bills plus damages for pain and suffering and possibly punitive damages as well). Also, you can check out Mr. Blane's book on California child injuries called Justice for the Injured Child available for sale; this book has become a California parent's legal survival guide to their child's California accident case. Contact us today for a FREE in person or remote consultation. This case found in favor of the defendant, but the court left open the question of whether the parents would have been liable if they had known of more occasions on which their son drove drunk. The obvious purpose of the law is to provide a satisfactory remedy to innocent third parties injured by a minor where, for all practical purposes, none is available under the common law. And fourth, the incident that caused harm to the victim must have been a foreseeable event that any reasonable person could anticipate and prevent with proper supervision. But when a child's injury results from "negligent supervision, " a caregiver might be liable. So if an employee of a youth organization is liable for negligent supervision, the organization itself will likely also be on the legal hook for the employee's negligence.

Negligent Supervision Of A Minor Child In Massachusetts

When the case was brought before the court, the parents attempted to argue that since they were not present at the party, they could not be held accountable for the actions of their children, but the court disagreed. Still, these cases can be complex, so it's a good idea to seek help from an Arizona personal injury lawyer. Violations of negligent supervision laws can result in legal consequences for the adult who is found guilty. The intention behind such laws is that parents have a legal duty to supervise and prevent their children from committing crimes, and becoming delinquent citizens. If the teen has prior occurrences of the cause of the accident and the parent is aware of that behavior it could cause a parent to be responsible.

Negligent Supervision Of A Minor Child Meaning

Do You Have a Situation Where Parental Civil Liability is an Issue? In the instant case, the question of the negligence of plaintiff's parents was relevant, firstly, in determining whether defendants were in fact negligent. The Family Car Doctrine: Nearly half of U. S. states enforce this doctrine, which holds the owner of a car liable for damage caused by another family member while driving. He had no permit or license. Like a lot of states, California has passed a number of parental responsibility laws that place potential liability on parents (and legal guardians) when a minor causes harm to a person, or does damage to property. This does not mean that the child intended to cause harm, only that the child knew that his actions were wrongful. Those who might be held liable for any injuries or accidents to these types of individuals commonly include nurses, doctors, assisted living professionals, and more. There are many different scenarios in which parents might be found negligent under this standard. Field trips, away games, and school bus trips are examples. Consequently, the liability of the vacationing parents, who trusted their children to behave was retried.

Negligence Of A Minor

For example, a negligent driver might run a stop sign, crashing into a car that has the right of way. Typically, minor drivers must be included on the policy. Intake and client management procedures used in working with adults are not good enough when attorneys are called upon to protect the interests of a child. Nevertheless, Billy's mother thinks Billy ought to learn to defend himself. Caregivers — like daycare attendants, babysitters, nannies, teachers, coaches, and camp counselors — have a responsibility to safeguard children under their care. This is the law in Kentucky: "A parent is under a duty to exercise reasonable care so to control his minor child as to prevent it from intentionally harming others or from so conducting itself as to create an unreasonable risk of bodily harm to them, if the parent (a) knows or has reason to know that he has the ability to control his child, and (b) knows or should know of the necessity and opportunity for exercising such control. Motor vehicle owners in Kentucky who are also parents need to pay attention to whether or not it is appropriate to let their children drive. While a "parent" may be anyone who exercises control or authority over the child, typically the custodial parent is the one held civilly responsible for the child's acts. They may be required to pay for damages if someone was injured, or they may have to pay for property damage if they allowed the child to commit vandalism.

Inadequate Supervision Child Neglect

This is true even if the child had their license or learner's permit or used the parents' car without permission. And as, discussed above, Bill's mother could potentially be prosecuted for violating Nevada's criminal laws on child endangerment. How can Children Recover Damages for Injuries? The ATV flipped over and punctured the boy's left eye socket. FIND OUT HOW WE CAN HELP. When an employee is injured on the job, it typically falls under the workers' compensation category; however, when an employer fails to maintain a safe work environment for their staff members, they can be held legally responsible for any damages and losses suffered as a result of an accident. These damages may include payment for pain and suffering as well as medical bills and loss of future income or quality of life. An assisted living nurse fails to provide fundamental hygiene for a patient, and as a result, bed sores and other injuries occur to the patient.

Parents may be held liable if their child commits any such crimes, with violations including sexting and child pornography distributed electronically; - Firearm Access: If a child used a firearm when committing their crime, their parent may be held responsible if they owned or controlled the firearm that was used. Amos, supra, 73 at p. 899, fn.